Table of Contents

Wilson Tang Lecture

Geological Uncertainty: A Missing Element in Geotechnical Reliability Analysis
C. Hsein Juang

1 – 12

Suzanne Lacasse Lecture

Managing Risk in Geotechnical Engineering – from Data to Digitalization
Kok-Kwang Phoon

13 – 34

Keynote Lectures

	Challenges in Determining Rock Mass Properties for Reliability – Based Design John Harrison	35 – 44
	Quantitative Risk Assessment of Individual Landslides Jinsong Huang	45 – 54
	Dam Safety Risk Analysis and Risk Management Practice at the Bureau of Reclamation: Lessons Learned from over Two Decades of Experience Karen Knight	55 – 61
	Honing Safety and Reliability Aspects in the Evolution of Eurocode 7 Trevor Orr	62 – 62
	Bayesian Perspective on Ground Property Variability for Geotechnical Practice Yu Wang	63 – 74
	Evaluating Metropolitan Hazard Risks under Extreme Rainstorms Limin Zhang	75 – 85

ISSMGE Bright Spark Lectures

	Values of Monte Carlo Samples for Geotechnical Reliability – Based Design Zi-Jun Cao	86 – 95
	Influence of Spatially Variable Soil Permeability on Backward Erosion Piping Bryant Robbins	96 – 101
	Sparse Modeling in Geotechnical Engineering Takayuki Shuku	102 – 111

Honour and Memory of Professor Tien H. Wu

Special Session in Honour and Memory of Professor Tien H. Wu
Kok-Kwang Phoon and C. Hsein Juang

112 – 113

Mini-Symposium on Performance-Based Design Codes and Practice Honouring Prof. Yusuke Honjo

	Probabilistic Maintenance Design on Existing Ground – Anchored Slopes Takashi Hara, Nobuyuki Soga, Naoki Tatta, Yu Fujiwara and Takashi Wachi	114 – 119
	Normative Statistical Solutions for Common Geotechnical Problems Yusuke Honjo and Yu Otake	120 – 125
	Design Code for Agricultural Canals Based on Partial Safety Factors S. Nishimura	126 – 131
	Developments in LRFD Calibration for Internal Limit States for Mechanically Stabilized Earth Walls in North America Richard J. Bathurst, Tony M. Allen and Nezam Bozorgzadeh	132 – 137
	Developments in the Selection of Characteristic Geotechnical Parameters in Eurocode 7 Trevor Orr	138 – 145
	Overview of Japanese Road Bridge Design Code: Specifications for Highway Bridges – Focus on Foundation Design Tetsuya Kouno and Takashi Hara	146 – 151
	A Basic Study on Reliability Analysis Method for Circular Slip Failure Considered with the Determination Method of the Characteristic Value of Soil Property in Technical Standard for Port in Japan Masahiro Takenobu, Masafumi Miyata, Hideki Kawamata, Hiroaki Matsubara, Yoichi Watabe and Yu Otake	152 – 157
	Systematic Transformation Error in the Depth – Average Undrained Shear Strength Mark van der Krogt and Timo Schweckendiek	158 – 163

Statistics for Soil & Rock Properties and Applications

	Variation of Measured CPTu Data Mika Knuuti and Tim Länsivaara	164 – 169
	Combining Shear Wave Velocity and Electrical Resistivity for Improving Predictions of Soil Strength Properties Wing Shun Kwan, James Tuazon, Mark Tufenkjian and Tommy Kam	170 – 175
	Spatial Variability of Sandy Clay: Case Study Rongjie He, Wuzhang Luo and Jinhui Li	176 – 181
	Variability and Typical Value Distributions of Compressibility Properties of Fine – Grained Sediments in Finland Monica Löfman and Leena Korkiala-Tanttu	182 – 187
	Probabilistic Assignment of Design Undrained Shear Strength Using Quantile Regression Marco Uzielli, Marco Zei and Mark J. Cassidy	188 – 193
	Quantification of Statistical Uncertainties in Mean, Standard Deviation and Cross – Correlation of Geotechnical Properties Estimated from Sparse Measurements Tengyuan Zhao and Yu Wang	194 – 199
	Constructing a Multivariate Distribution of Clay Parameters Based on the Shanghai Database Yelu Zhou, Dongming Zhang and Hongwei Huang	200 – 205
	Application of Bayesian – Spatial Random Field Theory in Ground Surface Settlement Control of Shield Tunneling Changhong Wang	206 – 211
	Stochastic Settlement Simulation of Soil Deposit Using a New Efficient Spatial Correlation Model Qingxia Yue	212 – 218
	Evaluation of the Adherence to Existing Undrained Shear Strength Correlations for Three Clay Database: Shanghai, Northern Europe and Global Ping He, Weidong Wang and Zhonghua Xu	219 – 224

Spatial Variability: Modelling Spatial Variability in Geotechnical Engineering & Numerical Techniques for Integrating the Spatial Variability of Soil and Groundwater Parameters into Designing and Environmental Management

	Cyclic Behavior of a Laterally – Loaded Monopile in Spatially Variable London Clay T.S. Charlton and M. Rouainia	225 – 230
	Does Autocorrelation Function Type Matter in Modeling Geotechnical Spatial Variability? Jianye Ching and Kok-Kwang Phoon	231 – 236
	On the Importance of a Complete Characterization of Site Investigation Data Uncertainty: A Computational Example A. P. van den Eijnden and M. A. Hicks	237 – 242
	Improved Kriging – Based Approach for the Probabilistic Analysis of a Large Diameter Monopile in a Spatially Varying Soil Abdul Kader El Haj and Abdul-Hamid Soubra	243 – 248
	Ultimate Limit States of Foundation on Random Unsaturated Soils Thi Minh Hue Le	249 – 254
	On Homogenizing Spatially Variable Shear Strength Mohammad Tabarroki and Jianye Ching	255 – 260
	Effects of Desiccation Cracks on Slope Reliability Rui Yang, Jinsong Huang, D.V. Griffiths and Daichao Sheng	261 – 266
	Numerical Analysis of Excavation on the Adjacent Existed Tunnel Considering Soil Spatial Variability Jinzhang Zhang, Dongming Zhang and Hongwei Huang	267 – 272
	Worst – Case Spatial Correlation Length in Reliability Analysis of Excavated Clay Slopes Desheng Zhu, D. V. Griffiths and Gordon A. Fenton	273 – 278
	FE/LE and Spatial Variability Analysis of Basal Heave Stability for Excavations Supported by Diaphragm Walls Anthony T.C. Goh, R.H. Zhang, W.G. Zhang and K.S. Wong	279 – 284
	Modeling of Spatial Distribution of the Piping Hazard for River Dikes Based on Actual Data Hiroto Koide and Yu Otake	285 – 290
	Geostatistical Techniques to Obtain the 3 – D Hydraulic Conductivity Distribution Model in the Southern Po River Plain Diego Di Curzio, Annamaria Castrignanò and Sergio Rusi	291 – 296
	Probabilistic Bearing Capacity Evaluation for Two – Layered Soil Marcin Chwała, Wojciech Puła and Marek Kawa	297 – 302
	An Application of the Kriging Technique to Support the Geotechnical Designing of Foundations Based on CPTs in Po Plain Alluvial Deposits Joanna Pieczynska-Kozlowska and Giovanna Vessia	303 – 308
	Application of Some Kriging Techniques Aimed at the Integration of Environmental Parameters for the Improvement of Estimation Quality Barbara Namysłowska-Wilczyńska	309 – 314
	Bearing Capacity for Spatially Random Soil Considering Cone Penetration Test Locations Marcin Chwała	315 – 320
	Full Probabilistic Design Method of Slopes Considering Stratigraphic Uncertainty and Spatial Variability of Soil Parameters Zhiping Deng, Jingtai Niu and Min Pan	321 – 327

Probabilistic Site Characterization

	Proper Number of Boreholes for Probabilistic Site Characterization Jing-Sen Cai	328 – 333
	Modeling Multivariate, Uncertain, Sparse, and Incomplete Site Investigation Data with Spatial Variation (MUSIC – X) Jianye Ching and Kok-Kwang Phoon	334 – 339
	Observations and Considerations Regarding Estimating Horizontal Scales of Fluctuation around Linear Infrastructure Tom de Gast, Philip J. Vardon and Michael A. Hicks	340 – 345
	How Many Samples Are Required in Geotechnical Site Investigation? Zheng Guan, Yu Wang and Tengyuan Zhao	346 – 351
	Estimation of Horizontal and Vertical Scales of Fluctuation from CPT Data Using Neural Networks and Random Fields J. D. Nuttall	352 – 357
	Efficient 3 – D Random Field Simulation with Separable Correlation Functions Te Xiao, Li-Min Zhang, Dian-Qing Li and Zi-Jun Cao	358 – 363
	A Fast Bayesian Approach for CPT – Based Soil Stratification with BUS Shuo Zheng, Zi-Jun Cao and Dian-Qing Li	364 – 369
	Consequences of Slenderness and Boundary Conditions in Triaxial Testing on the Reliability of Design Parameters Elena Peri, Søren Dam Nielsen, Benjaminn Nordahl Nielsen and Lars Bo Ibsen	370 – 375
	Cyclic CPT Measurements of Disturbed Soil State Aleksandra Katarzyna Koteras, Tomas Sabaliauskas and Lars Bo Ibsen	376 – 381
	Towards Optimal Site Investigations for Generalized Structural Configurations M. P. Crisp, M. B. Jaksa and Y. L. Kuo	382 – 387
	Optimizing Geotechnical Spatial Information by Utilizing Site-Specific Geostatistical Modeling Han-Saem Kim and Hyun-Ki Kim	388 – 392

Design: Advances in Geotechnical Reliability – Based Design & Robust Geotechnical Design in the Face of Uncertainty

	Risk Based Design of Deep Urban Excavations Saeed Askarian and Ali Fakher	393 – 398
	Full Probabilistic Design of Soil Retaining Structures in Spatially Variable Soils Guo – Hui Gao, Dian – Qing Li, Zi – Jun Cao and Yu Wang	399 – 404
	Probabilistic Analysis of Post – Failure Runout Behavior of Landslides Bing Li, Huiming Tang and Wenping Gong	405 – 410
	Modified Semi – Analytical Method for 3D Slope Reliability Divya Varkey, Michael A. Hicks and Philip J. Vardon	411 – 416
	Reliability of Geosynthetic Reinforced Soil Structure Design with Probabilistic and Finite Element Methods Lei Wang, Sandae Tait, Ji Shin, Sara Khoshnevisan and Wenping Gong	417 – 422
	Reliability Sensitivity Analysis of Reinforced Tunnel System Using Advanced Monte Carlo Simulation Zhiyong Yang, Xiaohui Qi and Dianqing Li	423 – 428
	System Reliability – Based Optimization Design of a Semi – Gravity Retaining Wall Peng Zeng, Wenwei Li, Rafael Jimenez, Tianbin Li and Tianlong Zhang	429 – 434
	Insights from Soil Engineering Reliability – Based Design to Improve Partial Factor Design Approach B. K. Low	435 – 440
	Stochastic Seismic Analysis of Geosynthetic – Reinforced Soil Slopes Based on Probability Density Evolution Method Ming Peng, Rui Sun and Jian – Feng Chen	441 – 446
	Reliability Analysis of an Infinite Slope A. T. Siacara, A.T. Beck and M.M. Futai	447 – 452
	Interaction of Geotechnical and Structural Variabilities in Reliability Assessments of Retaining Walls X. Chen, Y. F. Leung and T. M. Chan	453 – 458
	Efficient Probabilistic Back Analysis of Slopes Accounting for Spatial Variation of Soil Properties Shui – Hua Jiang and Jinsong Huang	459 – 464
	Impact of Copula Selection on Reliability – Based Design of Shallow Foundations Xiong – Feng Liu, Xiao – Song Tang and Dian – Qing Li	465 – 470
	Robust Geotechnical Design Based on Sensitivity Analysis of FORM Using Spreadsheet Xiaohui Tan, Mengmeng Niu, Fanchao Wang, Xiaole Dong and Suozu Fei	471 – 476

Uncertainty & Reliability Analysis in Rock Engineering

	Reliability Analysis of Rock Slope Stability Using Rock Mass Properties Estimated from Bayesian Method and Sparse Site – Specific Measurements Adeyemi Emman Aladejare, Oluwatosin Victor Akeju and Yu Wang	477 – 482
	Probabilistic Prediction of Intact Rock Compressive Strength Using Point Load Tests P. Asem, R. Jimenez and P. Gardoni	483 – 488
	Rock Engineering Insights from Reliability Analysis to Improve Eurocode 7 Design Approach B. K. Low	489 – 494
	Tunnel Support Using the Convergence Confinement Method: RBD and Partial Factor Calibration Ali El Matarawi and John P. Harrison	495 – 500
	Improving Estimation of In Situ Stress Using a Bayesian Approach Yu Feng and John P. Harrison	501 – 506
	Spatial Variability of Shotcrete Thickness in Design of Rock Tunnel Support William Bjureland, Fredrik Johansson and Johan Spross	507 – 512
	Probabilistic Assessment of Earth Slopes Subjected to Seismic Load Jian Ji and Yufeng Gao	513 – 518
	Reliability Based Design Using the Hoek – Brown Strength Criterion for Fractured Rock Masses A. Bedi, J. P. Harrison, J. Arambarri and M. Invernici	519 – 524
	Predicting Time – Dependent Tunnel Convergences Using the Bayesian Approach Xianda Feng and Rafael Jimenez	525 – 528
	Placement Optimization Method for Rockfall Protection Structures along a Road Hasuka Kanno, Shuji Moriguchi, Kenjiro Terada, Shunsuke Hayashi, Yusaku Isobe and Ikumasa Yoshida	529 – 534
	Interference Effects Involving Ultimate Bearing Capacity of Two Strip Footings Resting on Spatially Random Rockmass Bhardwaj Pandit, Zahle Sakir Khan and G.L. Sivakumar Babu	535 – 540
	Assessment of Rockfall Hazard Considering Three Dimensional Topography Yuto Tsuda, Ikumasa Yoshida, Hasuka Kanno and Shuji Moriguchi	536 – 541

Machine Learning for Big Data: Algorithms and Applications

	Bayesian Learning of Gaussian Mixture Model of Geotechnical Data Qin – Xuan Deng, Jian He, Zi-Jun Cao and Dian-Qing Li	547 – 552
	Bayesian Learning of Site – Specific Spatial Variability Using Sparse Geotechnical Data Yue Hu, Tengyuan Zhao and Yu Wang	553 – 558
	Deep Neural Networks for Prediction of Undrained Shear Strength of Clays Vahid Asghari, Andy Y.F. Leung and Mark S.C. Hsu	559 – 564
	Predicting Land Subsidence by Combining In Situ Testing and Remote Sensing Data Carmen Martinez Barbosa, Faraz S. Tehrani and Ana Teixeira	565 – 570
	Data – Fusion Based Vulnerability Analysis of Shield Driven Tunnel Suffering from Extreme Soil Surcharging Xin Xie, Hongwei Huang, Dongming Zhang, Zhongqiang Liu and Suzanne Lacasse	571 – 576
	Study on Optimization of Mars Model for Prediction of Pile Drivability Based on Cross – Validation C.Z. Wu, Anthony T.C. Goh and W.G. Zhang	577 – 582
	Similarity Measure for Soil Properties between Different Sites Zhiyong Yang and Jianye Ching	583 – 588

Bayesian Methods: Bayesian Method for Processing Geotechnical Data & Bayesian Updating: Formalizing the Observational Method

	Decision – Based Approach to Account for Uncertainty in Estimating the Overtopping Hazard to Manage Risk for Dams Kai Feng, Azadeh Mostofi, Mahdi Habibi, Robert B. Gilbert and Farrokh Nadim	589 – 594
	Inter – Region Variability of SPT – Based Liquefaction Potential Evaluation Method Yixun Ge, Jie Zhang and Xianbin Liao	595 – 600
	Value of Information Analysis for Ultimate Limit State Design of Strip Footings on Sand Jinzheng Hu, Jie Zhang and Lei Wang	601 – 606
	A Bayesian Framework for Optimizing Proof Load Test Programs for Driven Piles Ihab Malaeb, Shadi Najjar and George Saad	607 – 612
	Learning about Uncertain Predictions of Rainfall – Induced Landslides from Observed Slope Performance Ivan Depina, Emir Ahmet Oguz and Vikas Thakur	613 – 618
	Bayesian Updating of Foundation Reliability with Spatially Variable Measurements: A Spatial Averaging Approach Iason Papaioannou, Sebastian Geyer and Daniel Straub	619 – 624
	Probabilistic Evaluation of Settlement Monitoring with the Observational Method during Construction of Embankments on Clay Johan Spross, Anders Prästings and Stefan Larsson	625 – 630
	Uncertainty Tracking and Geotechnical Reliability Updating Using Bayesian Networks Varenya Kumar D. Mohan, Philip J. Vardon, Michael A. Hicks and Pieter H.A.J.M. van Gelder	631 – 636

Inverse Analysis in Geotechnical Engineering

	HMC Based Inverse Analysis to Determine Position and Size of Square Cavities Michael Conrad Koch, Fujisawa Kazunori and Akira Murakami	637 – 642
	Numerical Analysis of the Shiaolin Landslide Using Material Point Method Wei – Lin Lee, Mario Martinelli and Chjeng – Lun Shieh	643 – 648
	Inverse Analysis of Consolidation Behavior with Several Nonlinear Models Shin – ichi Nishimura	649 – 654
	Method on Identification of Infiltration Characteristics of Unsaturated Decomposed Granite Soils Kazuhiro Oda, Shin – ichi Ito and Keigo Koizumi	655 – 660
	Accurate Prediction of Horizontal Displacement Based on EC/LC Model Using Model Test Results Toshifumi Shibata, Shin – ichi Nishimura and Takayuki Shuku	661 – 666
	Optimal Sampling Planning for Soil Arsenic Contamination Based on Value of Information Yosuke Tasaki, Ikumasa Yoshida and Shunjiro Konishi	667 – 672
	Basic Study on Conditional Random Field with Sparse Modelling Ikumasa Yoshida, Yosuke Tasaki and Shinichi Nishimura	673 – 678
	Validation of Numerical Analysis Based on Mode Decomposition Yu Otake, Yosuke Higo, Kyohei Shigeno and Shinya Watanabe	679 – 684

Landslides: Landslide Risk Assessment and Management & Risk Assessment of Rainfall-Induced Geo-Hazards

	Assessment of Consequences of Debris Flows over Hong Kong Island under Extreme Rainfall T. Abimbola Owolabi and Limin Zhang	685 – 689
	Simulation of the Sediment Propagation During the Breaching of the Tangjiashan Landslide Dam Ming Peng, Chenyi Ma, Xingsheng Zhang, Zhenming Shi and Yan Zhu	690 – 695
	Development of Random Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics Method for Landslide Risk Assessment Zhengwen Qin, Yu Wang, Xin Liu and Liang Li	696 – 702
	Breaching Degree of Landslide Dams Danyi Shen, Zhenming Shi and Ming Peng	703 – 708
	Predicting Slope Stability with Incomplete Data Using Naive Bayes Classifier Xianda Feng, Shuchen Li, Chao Yuan and Peng Zeng	709 – 714
	Efficient Sample Manipulation for Direct Monte Carlo Simulation in Slope System Reliability Analysis Xin Liu, Zi-Jun Cao, Dian-Qing Li and Yu Wang	715 – 720
	Indirect Losses of Transportation Interruption Induced by a Landslide: A Case Study Meng Lu and Jie Zhang	721 – 726
	A Probabilistic Approach for Identifying Correlations between Landslides and Rainfall at Regional Scale Michele Calvello and Gaetano Pecoraro	727 – 732
	IoT – Based Strategies for Risk Management of Rainfall – Induced Landslides: A Review Emir Ahmet Oguz, Kate Robinson, Ivan Depina and Vikas Thakur	733 – 738
	Experimental Study on Rainfall – Induced Landslides with Different Types of Deposits Siyi Zhao, Yanni Bao, Zhenming Shi and Ming Peng	739 – 744
	Probabilistic Runout Analysis of Landslide Considering Spatial Variability X.Y. Chen, L.L. Zhang and H.Q. Yang	745 – 750
	Analytical Solution for Consolidation of Tailings with Horizontal Drainage Pipes Hong – Xin Chen, Shu – Rui Wang, Shi – Jin Feng and Zhang – Long Chen	751 – 756

Dams, Levees and Flood Risk

	Comparative Study for Reliability of a Spatially Variable Undrained Long Slope Szu – Wei Lee and Jianye Ching	757 – 762
	A Comprehensive Numerical Approach for Stability Analyses of German Sea – Dikes Thomas Nuber, Javier Moreno and Martin Pohl	763 – 768
	Progression Rate of Backward Erosion Piping in Laboratory Experiments and Reliability Analysis J.C. Pol, V.M. van Beek, W. Kanning and S.N. Jonkman	769 – 774
	Influence of Residual Dyke Strength on Dyke Reliability Using the Random Material Point Method Guido Remmerswaal, Michael A. Hicks and Philip J. Vardon	775 – 780
	Burrowing Activity of Muskrats, Nutrias and Beavers on River Levees–Damages, Consequences and Mitigation Measures Torsten Heyer	781 – 786
	Bayesian Inference of Piping Model Uncertainties Based on Field Observations Willem Kanning and Timo Schweckendiek	787 – 791
	Influence of Monitoring on Investment Planning of Flood Defence Systems Wouter Jan Klerk, Wim Kanning, Nelle – Jan van Veen and Matthijs Kok	792 – 797
	Armor Stone Displacements at German Inland Waterways: An Approach to Schedule Inspections Coupling Reliability Analysis with Markov Chains Julia Sorgatz, Jan Kayser and Holger Schüttrumpf	798 – 803
	Upgrading Existing Levees' Seismic Resiliency with Pressed – in Double Sheet Pile Walls Takefumi Takuma	804 – 809
	Integral Failure Analysis of Pipelines in Flood Defenses Anton van der Meer, Timo Schweckendiek, Henk Kruse and Harry Schelfhout	810 – 815

Seismic Hazard and Seismic Performance: Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Assessment and Engineering Seismology & Effect of Spatial Variability on Seismic Performance of Soil and Rock and Associated Reliability

	National Seismic Hazard Maps for Japan and Its Application to Seismic Risk Assessment Hiroyuki Fujiwara, Nobuyuki Morikawa, Hiromitsu Nakamura and Ken Xiansheng Hao	816 – 821
	Estimation of the Frequency – Magnitude Gutenberg – Richter b – value without Knowledge of the Time – Varying Level of Completeness Andrzej Kijko and Ansie Smit	822 – 827
	Evaluation of Ground Response Uncertainty by Site Response Analysis at the Turkey Flat Geotechnical Array Chi – Chin Tsai and Wei – Sen Chang	828 – 833
	A Study on the Relationship between Arias Intensity and Earthquake – Induced Slope Displacement Chih – Hsuan Liu, Hsuan – Ho Wang and Ching Hung	834 – 839
	Earthquake – Induced Household Collapse Rate in Taiwan I – Chia Chen and J.P. Wang	840 – 845
	CAV Seismic Hazard Analysis of Taiwan Pei – En Chiang and J.P. Wang	846 – 851
	Post – Liquefaction Settlements: Spatial Variability and Correlation to Spatially Variable Soil Characteristics Taeho Bong, Armin Stuedlein, Jianye Ching, Kok-Kwang Phoon and Jack Montgomery	852 – 857
	Probabilistic Seismic Deformation Analysis of Anchored Sheetpile Walls Wenping Gong, Lei Wang and C. Hsein Juang	858 – 863
	Assessment of the Variability in Liquefaction – Induced Lateral Spreading: Insights from Lateral Spreading Observed in Recent Seismic Events Nancy Ingabire Abayo, Ashly Cabas, Ellen Chamberlin and Brina Montoya	864 – 869
	Liquefaction – Induced Settlement Estimates for a Spatially Variable Deposit Using Numerical and Empirical Approaches Devdeep Basu, Jack Montgomery and Armin W. Stuedlein	870 – 875

Engineering Risk Sensing by Monitoring and Inspection

	Dynamic Soil Parameters Updating and Response Prediction with Multi – Sensor Monitoring Information by WSN Jingjian Hu, Dongming Zhang and Hongwei Huang	876 – 881
	Application of Wireless Sensing in Shanghai Utility Tunnel Yunqing Wu, Jian Huang, Dongming Zhang, Hengdong Wang and Hongwei Huang	882 – 887
	On – Site Visualization as a New Strategy for Geotechnical Safety and Risk Management Shinichi Akutagawa	888 – 893
	Performance Evaluation Method for Slope Monitoring System Based on On – Site Visualization Mitsugu Nomura, Satoshi Tomoto and Haihua Zhang	894 – 899
	On – Site Visualization for Risk Management of Mountain Tunnel Construction Minoru Hayashi and Yasunori Eguchi	900-904