Space Systems as Critical Infrastructure - A Soft Systems Approach

Technological developments have enabled private and public actors to access near-Earth space. Space systems are both critical infrastructure and important sub-systems of other critical infrastructures (e.g., GPS and weather forecasting) dependent on space technology. However, unlike other critical infrastructures, space systems are relatively unexplored from a security perspective. The paper presents a system model based on a synthesis of the current research front discussed in national and international research literature, reports, and studies. The soft systems methodology is used to develop the model useful for actors concerned with risk management to increase the understanding of systemic dependencies of space systems and strengthen the resilience in critical infrastructures and services. This paper provides insights into digital risks for space systems, highlighting serious societal consequences and areas for enhanced space security. Based on the system model and the analysis provided for a better understanding of the relationships among these systems, future research needs to strengthen cybersecurity in space systems as exemplified.

Keywords: Space, Digital resilience, Systemic thinking, SSM, Governance, Critical infrastructure, Societal security.