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<journal-id>International Journal of Aerospace and Lightweight Structures</journal-id>
<publication_date>2013</publication_date>
<volume>3</volume>
<issue>1</issue>
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<doi>10.3850/S2010428613000664</doi>
<article-title>Discrete Crack Modeling of RC Structure Using Hybrid-Type Penalty Method</article-title>
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<author>Yoshihirofujiwara<sup>1,a</sup>, Noriotakeuchi<sup>1,b</sup>, Tadahiko Shiomi<sup>2</sup> and Atsushi Kambayashi<sup>3</sup></author>

<author-citation>Yoshihirofujiwara; Noriotakeuchi; Shiomi, Tadahiko; Kambayashi, Atsushi</author-citation>

<aff><sup>1</sup>Graduate School of Engineering and Design, Hosei University, 2-33 Ichigaya Tamachi, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-0843, Japan.</aff>

<email><a href="mailto:fujiwara.yoshihiro@3d-lab.jp"><sup>a</sup>fujiwara.yoshihiro@3d-lab.jp</a></email>


<email><a href="mailto:takeuchi@hosei.ac.jp"><sup>b</sup>takeuchi@hosei.ac.jp</a></email>



<aff><sup>2</sup>Engineering Director, Mind Inc., 7-17-19 Maebara-nishi, Funabashi, Chiba 274-0825, Japan.</aff>

<email><a href="mailto:shiomi.tadahiko@3d-lab.jp">shiomi.tadahiko@3d-lab.jp</a></email>

<aff><sup>3</sup>Research &amp; Development Institute, Takenaka Corporation, 1-5-1 Ohtsuka, Inzai, Chiba 270-1395, Japan.</aff>

<email><a href="mailto:kanbayashi.atsushi@takenaka.co.jp">kanbayashi.atsushi@takenaka.co.jp</a></email>





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<abstract>
<title>ABSTRACT</title>
<p>The hybrid-type penalty method (HPM) is suitable for representing failure phenomena
that occur during the transition from continua to discontinua in materials such as
concrete. The initiation and propagation of dominant cracks and the branching of cracks
can easily be modeled as discrete cracks. The HPM represents a discrete crack by
eliminating the penalty that represents the separation of elements at the intersection
boundary. This treatment is easy because no change is required in the degrees of freedom
for the discrete crack. In addition, it is important to correctly evaluate the deformation
of continua before crack formation is initiated. To achieve this, we implemented a
constitutive model of reinforced concrete for the HPM. In this paper, we present the
implemented constitutive model and describe the simulation of a deep beam test using
the HPM to demonstrate its capability for evaluating progressive failure.</p>


<p><italic>Keywords: </italic>Hybrid-type penalty method, Discrete crack, reinforced concrete.</p>
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